DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA Y MEJORAMIENTO DE PLANTAS MEDICINALES= Medicinal plants and improvement of medicinal herbs:

Four Salvia officinalis L. populations were examined for the extent of genetic variability and compared with S. judaica Boiss., by extracting genomic DNA and generating a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker profile. Hierarchical cluster analysis separated the common sage populations into two groups. The two Hungarian S. officinalis L. samples were tightly clustered (61% dissimilarity). The Greek and Romanian populations also clustered together, and were genetically more distinct from the Hungarian samples (77% dissimilarity). The S. officinalis L. group, including all populations, was separated from S. judaica Boiss. with the greatest genetic distance (83% dissimilarity).

ÚLTIMOS AVANCES EN LA QUÍMICA Y ACTIVIDADES BACTERIOLÓGICAS EN LAS PLANTAS MEDICINALES= Medicinal plants, last advances on chemistry and bacteria activities on the medicinal herbs

1) The essential oils of Salvia officinalis L. collected at two different altitudes in Syrian coastline were analyzed by gas chromatog.  Plant's development stage and the ecol. factors had impact on the qual. compn. of S. officinalis essential oil.  Although, the major components of the essential oils extd. from plants grown at both altitudes were 1,8-cineol, camphor, borneol, a-pinene, b-pinene, camphene, b-myrcene and caryophyllene, their percentage changed according to the altitude.  S. officinalis essential oil was for its antibacterial activities by using Gram- pos. and neg. bacteria.  Both Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus group D were efficiently inhibited after 10 min of contact at oil concn. of 20 ml/mL.  The inhibitory effect of the essential oil on Candida albicans was total and definitive within a min. of contact time and oil concn.  But the essential oil showed a temporary bacteriostatic effect on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, as well as Pseudomonas aeruoginosa.  In comparison with most known antibiotics, the efficiency of S. officinalis essential oil was much better, esp. against bacteria resistant to antibiotic.

2) Objective: The significant factor contributing to the distant invasion of cancer cells is the ability of tumors to produce large nos. of new blood vessels, known as angiogenesis.  Many natural products inhibit angiogenesis.  Herein, ethanol ext. of Salvia officinalis (SO) has been analyzed for its anti-angiogenic, anti-proliferation and anti-migration activities.  Materials and Methods: The anti-angiogenic effect of the SO ext. was evaluated on chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) neovascularisation model, microscopically.  The inhibitory effect of the ext. on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) migration was tested on the wound-healing model with an inverted microscope.  In addn., SO ext. was screened for its possible anti-proliferative effects by sep. counting HUVECs, Wehi and K562 cells with cell counter against their control wells.  Results: So ext. exhibited a significant inhibitory activity in CAM assay in a dose dependent manner.  CAM angiogenesis was gradually prevented to from at 100 mg/mL of SO ext., but completely inhibited to form at 200 mg/mL.  After human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were suppressed by dose-dependent SO ext., their migrations were detected by wound healing model, yet they were unable to show a dose response effect on proliferation of the different cells (50-200 mg/mL).  As observing in this study, SO ext. could inhibit proliferation of the different cells at the concns. above 200 mg/mL without toxic effect on the cells in doses ranged from 0-500 mg/mL.  Conclusion: These findings indicated that SO ext. might be a promising candidate for anti-angiogenic treatment.
 
3) Salvia officinalis L. oils were isolated from the plant's com. dried aerial parts, by hydrodistn., with different distn. times.  The essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatog. and gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry.  The antioxidant ability was measured using a free radical scavenging activity assay using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), a thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay, a deoxyribose assay for the scavenging of hydroxyl radical, an assay for site-specific actions and a 5-lipoxygenase assay.  Antibacterial activity was detd. by the agar diffusion method. 1,8-Cineole, a-pinene and camphor were the dominant components of all the essential oils.  The different hydrodistn. times did not affect the oil yield nor the relative amt. of the oil components.  The time of hydrodistn. influenced the antioxidant activity.  With the DPPH method, the oils isolated for 2 and 3 h were stronger free radical scavengers, while with the TBARS method, the highest antioxidant values were obtained in the oils isolated for 30 min, 2 and 3 h.  Hydroxyl radical scavenging and lipoxygenase activity assays showed the best results with oils isolated for 1 and 3 h.  With the deoxyribose method, sage oils at concns. <1000 mg L-1 showed better activity than mannitol.  The essential oil of S. officinalis showed very weak antimicrobial activity.

Uses: stomach, gastrointestinal problems, flu.                                                 

Origin: Argentina, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Unitted States.      

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Origins: Dumps, waste lands, and gardens.

Uses: Sage reportedly has many therapeutic uses uses. The drug is an astringent. In appalachis, it was thought to serve as a laxative and gargle; and it was used to treat baldness, loose teeth, and gas.
European research suggests estrogen is present but has not been isolated. It has been used to achieve regularity in menstrual period.

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The name of this plant’s Genus, Salvia, is from the Latin word salvare, meaning “to cure.” Sage is native to southern Europe, and ancients believed sage was related to longevity and immortality. An Italian aphorism in the 10th century was “why should a man die while sage grows in his garden?” The Chinese also were impressed by this herb and traded fine green tea for sage at a four to one rate. Sage was brought to Indiana by the pioneers who used sage tea for colds and upset stomachs. The plant also was very important as a meat preserver in sausage. Current uses of sage include as a gargle for sore throat, canker sores, and sore gums. Fresh leaves can be applied to insect stings and bites. And, sage is used as a remedy for irregular menses, symptoms of menopause, and herpes infections. English herbalists of the 1500s recognized sage is “good for the head and brain, and quickeneth the nerves and memory.” Modern studies indicate that sage has acetylcholinesterase inhibitor properties and may have potential in treating Alzheimer’s disease.

Part used::
Leaves

Origin:
Mediterranean, especially Adriatic coast
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Range. Northern and central Spain to West Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor. Cultivated in Myanmar.

Uses. Species used as a topical antiseptic and orally as a carminative and spasmo­lytic.

Leaf: Used as a diaphoretic and stomachic.
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Origin

Native to the Mediterranean region; grown as an ornamental.

Action:

Plant—astringent, antiinflammatory, carminative, antispasmodic, antiseptic.

Leaf and flower—cholagogue, hypoglycaemic, antiasthmatic (used for respiratory allergy), cholagogue, emmenagogue, antisudoriferous, antiseptic.

Leaf—diaphoretic, antipyretic. Used for sore throat, laryngitis, tonsillitis, stomatitis.

PARTE UTILIZADA= Used part: Hoja.

ACCIÓN FARMACOLÓGICA= Pharmacological action: Descongestionante de hígado y riñones, estomacal.

COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA= Chemical composition: Aceite esencial (1-2,8%): alfa y beta-tuyonas (35-60%), alfa-terpineol (0,1-9%), linalol (0,5-12%), óxido de cariofileno (1,1%), delta-terpineol, 1,8-cineol, alfapineno, mirceno, canfeno, limoneno, ocimeno, alo-ocimeno, p-canfeno, aromadendreno, beta-cariofileno, alfa-humuleno, alfa-maalieno, alfa-corocaleno, beta-copaeno, isovalerianto de metilo, alcanfor, viridiflor, tinol, acetato de bornilo, acetato de sabinol y acetato de linalol. Existen diferencias en cuanto a la composición y aroma del aceite esencial segun la variedad que se trate. La S. Officinalis ssp. Minor es la que mejor aroma. Tiene, en tanto la S. Lavandulifolia (oriunda de España y sur de Francia) es la menor calidad (debido al casi nulo porcentaje en tuyonas) y la S. Triloba (natural de Grecia) sería la más rica. Cabe señalar que el hongo Trichoderma Harzianum puede modificar el aroma de la planta durante su crecimiento. Principios amargos: Se trata de diterpenos fenólicos entre los que destacan el carnosol (picrosalvina), ácido carnosílico, rosmanol, manool, etc. Flavonoides (1-3%): luteolina, hispidulina, 5-metoxi-salvigenina, gankwanina, 6-metoxi-genkwanina, etc. Otros: ácidos fenólicos (cafeico, clorogénico, ellágico, ferúlico, gálico, labiático y rosmarínico), taninos hidrolizables y condensados (3-8%), principio estrogénico (1kg de droga seca equivale a unas 6000 U.I. de estrona), asparagina (raíz), ácidos fosfórico, oxálico y nítrico en forma de sales, etc. Las semillas contienen proteínas (18%) y ácidos grasos compuestos por un 14,2% de ácido oleico, 29,2% de ácido linoleico, 34,7% de ácido linolénico y 12% de ácidos saturados.

ZONA GEOGRÁFICA= Geografical zone: Uruguay. 

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Partes usadas:
tallos-hojas-flores

Usos tradicionales:
a) uso interno: afecciones estomacales, renales y nerviosas; alteraciones del ciclo menstrual, en la menopausia y contracciones uterinas; sudoración excesiva (hiperhidrosis).
La infusión se prepara con 1 cucharada del vegetal para 1 litro de agua recién hervida: beber 1 taza 3 veces al día.
b) uso externo: infecciones vaginales; estomatitis y gingivitis.
Usar la misma infusión en lavados y gargarismos.

Efectos:
antiespasmódico, antibacteriano, antisudoral, diurético, emenagogo, sedante6, tocolítico.

Precauciones:
no utilizar por periodos prolongados de tiempo.
Emplear con control médico durante embarazo y lactancia.
Puede interferir con terapias hipoglicémicas y anticonvulsivantes.
Puede potenciar el efecto sedante de otras drogas.
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Toxicidad
Embarazo, lactancia y niños menores de dos años.
También está contraindicado en enfermos de riñón.
Parte utilizada:
Hojas y sumidades floridas (brotes).
Propiedades:
Antiséptico, facilitador de la digestión, emenagogo y antisudoral. En uso externo tiene propiedades antisépticas, antiinflamatorias y cicatrizantes.
Indicaciones:
El té de salvia caliente corrige los problemas estomacales, los vómitos que muchas veces siguen a las comidas, las ventosidades gástricas e intestinales, el dolor de cabeza  resultante de la mala digestión, etc. Las hojas frescas son buenas para friccionar los dientes, a fin de blanquearlos. Además refrescan y fortifican las encías inflamadas. El té de las flores, en enjuagues bucales sirve para curar las aftas (pequeñas úlceras o lesiones). Las heridas, las llagas viejas y rebeldes, las úlceras varicosas u otras lesiones crónicas de la piel, sanan lavándolas con el cocimiento de salvia. En gárgaras, el té preparado en infusión de las hojas y flores de salvia, sirven para curar las inflamaciones y mucosidades de la garganta, la amigdalitis y los dolores que dificultan la deglución. En caso de picaduras de abejas, avispas, mosquitos, etc., la fricción de la parte afectada con hojas de salvia frescas y machacadas, proporciona alivio en poco tiempo. En catarros crónicos facilita la expectoración.

1) GONZALEZ, Matías ; LOMBARDO, Atilio ; VALLARINO, Aida. Plantas de la medicina vulgar del Uruguay. Montevideo : Talleres Gráficos, 1937. p. 110.

2) ALONSO, Jorge R. Tratado de fitomedicina : bases clínicas y farmacológicas. Buenos Aires : ISIS, 1998, p. 864.

3) FARKAS, A., et al. RADP based genetic diversity among Salvia officinalis L. populations. Farmacia. 2008, vol.56, nº3, p.339-343.

4) KHALIL, Rami; LI, Zheng-Guo. Antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Salvia officinalis L. collected in Syria. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2011, vol.10, nº42, p.8397-8402.
 
5) KESHAVARZ, Maryam, et al. Anti tumor activity of Salvia officinalis is due to its anti-angiogenic, anti-migratory and anti-proliferative effects.  Cell Journal. 2011, vol.12, nº4, p.477-482.
 
6) MIGUEL, G., et al. Salvia officinalis L. essential oils: effect of hydrodistillation time on the chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.  Natural Product Research. 2011, vol.25, nº5, p.526-541.

7) Geraldini , Isanete, Journal of Ethnopharmacology v. 173, 2015 . -- p. 383-423

8) Escalona Cruz, José Luis; et al/ Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales vol. 20, no 4. 2015. p -- 429 - 439

9) A guide to medicinal plants of  Appalachia/ Krochmal, Arnold; Walter, Russel S.; Doughty, Richard M.: USA: U.S.D.A Forest Service:,1959

10) Hierbas medicinales/ Chile. Ministerio de Agricultura.  p.64

11) Hull, Kathleen; Photog. Hull, Meredith /Indiana Medical History Museum: Guide to the Medicinal Plant Garden./ USA: Indiana Medical History Museum. 2010. -- p. 58.

12) DeFilipps, Robert A.; Krupnick, Gary A. / PhytoKeys, v. 102. - - p. 1 - 314,  2018.

13) Khare, C.P./ Indian Medicinal Plants. -- Nueva Dheli: Springer, 2007 . - p 577.

14) María Stella Cáceres A.; et al./ MANUAL DE USO DE HIERBAS MEDICINALES
DEL PARAGUAY/ Fundación Celestina de Pérez Almada con apoyo de Unesco Montevideo. p. 64.